Bài giảng Tiếng Anh Lớp 9 - Grammar points: Sentence, clause & phrase

Nội dung text: Bài giảng Tiếng Anh Lớp 9 - Grammar points: Sentence, clause & phrase

1. SENTENCE - CLAUSE - PHRASE ( CÂU - MỆNH ĐỀ - CỤM TỪ) I. SENTENCE: là một nhóm từ trong đó có chủ ngữ và động từ chia thì. Dựa vào cấu trúc Ngữ pháp thì có 4 loại câu: 1) Câu đơn (Simple sentences): là câu chỉ có một cụm S+V. > Ex: We are learning English now. 2) Câu phức (Complex Sentences): có 1 cụm S+V làm nòng cốt, gọi là Mệnh đề chính, và ít nhất là 1 cụm S+V có nghĩa phụ thuộc gọi là Mệnh đề phụ. > Ex: When we came there, they were learning English. S + V S + V 3) Câu ghép (Compound Sentences): có ít nhất 2 cụm S+V nối với nhau bằng liên từ như AND, BUT, OR và các cụm S+V này mang nghĩa độc lập. > Ex: We are learning English now, and they are playing games. S + V S + V 4) Câu ghép phức hợp (Compound - Complex Sentences): là câu kết hợp của câu ghép và câu phức. Loại câu này có ít nhất 2 mệnh đề chính và ít nhất 1 mệnh đề phụ thuộc. > Ex: If my mother comes home late, my dad has to cook dinner, and I have to look after my younger sister. S + V S + V S + V
2. Dựa vào chức năng thì có 4 loại câu sau: 1) Câu trần thuật (Declarative sentences or Statements) 2) Câu Nghi vấn (Interrogative sentences) 3) Câu Mệnh lệnh (Imperative sentences) 4) Câu Cảm thán (Exclamative sentences) II. CLAUSE ? là một nhóm từ trong đó có chủ ngữ và động từ chia thì. Hay nói cách khác, Mệnh đề là một câu nhỏ trong một câu lớn. Ex: 1) When he came, . > Mệnh đề Trạng ngữ chỉ Thời gian (Adverb Clause of Time) 2) If you study harder, > Mệnh đề IF chỉ Điều kiện (IF Clause) 3) Because he was too lazy, . > M.đề Trạng ngữ chỉ Ng.nhân.(Adverb Clause of Reason) 4) Although it rained heavily, > M.đề Trạng ngữ Tương phản (Adverb Clause of Contrast) III. PHRASE ? là một nhóm từ trong đó có một Danh từ hoặc một Động từ làm nòng cốt, chứ không có chủ ngữ và không có động từ chia thì. Có 2 loại: Cụm Danh Từ (Noun Phrase) và Cụm Động Từ (Verb Phrase) • Cụm Danh Từ: là cụm từ, trong đó có Danh từ làm nòng cốt. • Cụm Động Từ: là cụm từ, trong đó có Động từ làm nòng cốt.
3. SOME BASIC KNOWLEDGE Hãy nêu chức năng của các từ loại dưới đây ở trong câu: 1. Noun: Là từ dùng để chỉ người, vật có thể làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ Ex: Lan likes Nam , but Nam doesn’t like Lan. 2. Pronoun: Là từ dùng thay thế cho danh từ, có thể làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ Ex: She likes him , but he doesn’t like her. 3. Adjective: Là từ dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ, cho đại từ, làm cho nó rõ nghĩa hơn, chính xác hơn. * Đứng trước, bổ nghĩa cho danh từ: Ex: 1) a kind man 2) The beautiful flowers * Đứng sau BE, bổ nghĩa cho chủ ngữ: Ex: 1) She is thin. 2) They are tall. 4. Verb: Là từ dùng để diễn tả hành động hoặc trạng thái của chủ ngữ trong câu. * Diễn tả hành động: Ex: They are playing games, but we are studying. * Diễn tả trạng thái: Ex: It is too hot. We feel uncomfortable. 5. Adverb: Là từ dùng để bổ nghĩa cho động từ, cho tính từ, cho trạng từ khác hoặc cho cả câu: 1) Bổ nghĩa cho động từ: Ex: He runs quickly. (Anh ấy chạy nhanh.) 2) Bổ nghĩa cho tính từ: Ex: Mary is extremely intelligent.(Mary cực kỳ thông minh.) 3) Bổ nghĩa cho trạng từ khác: Ex: They speak English very fast. ( rất nhanh. ) 4) Bổ nghĩa cho cả câu: Ex: Luckily, he’s passed the exam.(May mắn thay, anh ta
4. Những cách biến đổi từ SENTENCE hay CLAUSE sang NOUN PHRASE hay VERB PHRASE và ngược lại.
5. Sentences Noun Phrases 1) The picture is beautiful. 1) The beautiful picture. 2) She is beautiful. 2) Her beauty 3) He was seriously sick. 3) His serious sickness. 4) Our oceans are extremely polluted. 4) Our extremely polluted oceans. 5) They studied carefully. 5) Their careful study. 6) There is a coming storm. 6) A coming storm. 7) I have a bad cold now. 7) My bad cold now. Sentences Verb Phrases 1) He came to the village yesterday. 1) His coming to the village yesterday. 2) They did not study the lesson well. 2) Their not studying the lesson well. 3) She was given a new bike. 3) Her being given a new bike. 4) We haven’t finished the test yet. 4) Our not having finished the test yet.
6. RECOGNIZING Work in pairs, state whether each of the following is a phrase or a sentence. Groups of Words Phrase Sentence 1. Their hard work 1 2. The rain was heavy. 2 3. Their careful study 4. They studied carefully. 5. Lan’s having read the lesson well. 6. Lan has read the lesson well. 7. Tom was given a present. 8. He didn’t join the trip. 9. His not joining the trip. 10. The air looks extremely polluted. 11. My doing the homework. 12. They are coming to the village. 13. Her being given a new bike. 14. Our not having finished the test yet. 15. Our oceans are extremely polluted
7. ANSWER Groups of Words Phrase Sentence 1. Their hard work 1 2. The rain was heavy. 2 3. Their careful study 3 4. They studied carefully. 4 5. Lan’s having read the lesson well. 5 6. Lan has read the lesson well. 6 7. Tom was given a present. 7 8. He didn’t join the trip. 8 9. His not joining the trip. 9 10. The air looks extremely polluted. 10 11. My doing the homework. 11 12. They are coming to the village. 12 13. Her being given a new bike. 13 14. Our not having finished the test yet. 14 15. Our oceans are extremely polluted. 15
8. WAYS OF USING CLAUSES AND PHRASES Despite / In spite of + PHRASE Ex 1: Despite his poverty, he also studied well. (noun phrase) Ex 2: In spite of being very rich, the woman didn’t live a happy life. (verb phrase) Although / Though / Even though + CLAUSE Ex 1: Although he is poor, he also studied well. ( clause ) Ex 2: Though the woman was very rich, she didn’t live a happy life. ( clause ) Despite / In spite of + the fact that + CLAUSE Ex 1: Despite the fact that he is poor, he also studied well. ( clause ) Ex 2: In spite of the fact that the woman was very rich, she didn’t live ( clause ) a happy life.
9. WAYS OF CHANGING PHRASES/ CLAUSES INTO CLAUSES/ PHRASES Phrases/Clauses Clauses/Phrases 1. Despite their hard work today, 1. Although they work hard today, 2. Because the rain was heavy, 2. Because of the heavy rain, 3. Because of their careful study last semester, 3. Because they studied carefully last semester, 4. Although she was careful , 4. In spite of / Despite her carefulness, 5. In spite of (his) living in poverty last year 5. Although he lived in poverty last year, 6. Though Lan has spoken English well, 6. Despite having spoken English well, Lan 7. Although Tom was given a present, . 7. In spite of being given a present, Tom 8. Because he had a toothache, 8. Because of his toothache, 9. Even though there was a comimg storm 9. Despite a comimg storm, 10. Because the air looks extremely polluted 10. Because of the extremely polluted air, 11. Despite my finishing the homework then, 11. Though I finished my homework then, 12. Because they came to class late, 12. Because of coming to class late, they 13. In spite of (her) being given a new bike, 13. Although she was given a new bike, 14. Because our oceans are extremely polluted 14. Because of our extremely polluted oceans 15. Because of our not having finished the 15. Because we hadn’t finished our homework, we homework, we were punished by our teacher. were punished by our teacher.
10. 1. Complete each second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Write no more than THREE words. 1. Although she loves maths, she has decided to become an English teacher. → In spite of (her) ___,loving maths she has decided to become an English teacher. 2. He studied hard, but he didn’t pass the exam. → Despite (his) ___,studying hard he didn’t pass the exam. 3. Even though he is lazy, he was given the job. → Despite his ___,laziness he was given the job. 4. Although he is short, he has been accepted into the volleyball team. → Despite (his) ___,being short he has been accepted into the volleyball team. 5. Even though she has poor health, she works twelve hours a day. → In spite of her ___,poor health she works twelve hours a day.
11. SOME NOTIONS 1. Verb + to-infinitive : Some verbs are usually followed by the full infinitive. These verbs include agree, expect, manage, pretend, tend, promise, attempt, offer, refuse Example: I expect to get a good job in the future. 2. Verb + V-ing form : Some verbs are usually followed by the V-ing form. These verbs are finish, stop, admit, deny, avoid, discuss, keep, mention, mind Example: He doesn’t mind working hard to earn more money. 3. There are verbs that can be used with either to-infinitive or V-ing form without a change in meaning. These verbs are begin, start, love, like, continue Example: She began working/to work in our office last month. 4. There are verbs that can be used with either to-infinitive or V-ing form but there is a change in meaning. They are as follows:
12. ANSWERS
13. 4. Complete the sentences using the ideas in the pictures and the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1. Oh, no! I forgot ___theto lock door! (LOCK) 2. I don’t remember ___meeting you at the job fair last year. (MEET) 3. I’ve been trying ___to contact the employment office, but no one is answering! (CONTACT) 4. Did you remember ___to send your CV? It’s the deadline this morning. (SEND)
14. 4. Complete the sentences using the ideas in the pictures and the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 5. I will never forget ___working so hard to become an architect. (WORK) 6. Please, stop ___.talking The library is a quiet space. (TALK) 7. Why don’t you try ___posting your CV to the company? They are looking for people like you. (POST) 8. She stopped reading ___to answer the phone.(ANSWER)
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